High School

Most job opportunities open to firefighters today require applicants to have a high school diploma. Classes in anatomy, physics, biology, chemistry, English, speech, and physical education will be helpful.

Postsecondary Training

Once high school is completed, there are a variety of options available in both two- and four-year degree programs that specifically focus on fire science and emergency medical certificates. Both are extremely helpful when competing for a position.

In most cases, applicants are required to pass written intelligence tests. Some municipalities may require a civil service examination. Formal education is an asset to potential firefighters because part of their training involves a continuous education program, and a person's educational progress may affect future opportunities for advancement.

Many junior and community colleges offer two-year fire-technology programs; degrees are also offered by some four-year colleges. Courses involve the study of physics and hydraulics as they apply to pump and nozzle pressures. Fundamentals of chemistry are taught to provide an understanding of chemical methods of extinguishing fires. Skill in communications—both written and spoken—is also emphasized. The International Fire Service Accreditation Congress offers a list of accredited degree programs at its Web site, https://ifsac.org.

Beginning firefighters receive a few months of training, either as on-the-job training or through formal fire department training schools. Training is given both in the classroom and in the field, where new firefighters are taught the fundamentals of firefighting, fire prevention, ventilation, emergency medical procedures, hazardous materials control, the use and care of equipment (such as axes, chain saws, and ladders), and general job duties and skills, including search and rescue techniques. Trainees may also be given instruction in local building codes and fire ordinances. Once they complete their training, new firefighters undergo a period of probation.

Firefighter recruits may also train through apprenticeships, which may last up to four years. Apprentice firefighters usually start out on the job as ladder handlers or hose handlers and are given additional responsibilities with training and experience.

Certification or Licensing

Regulations vary by state, but firefighters do not generally need certification before they are hired, and certification is voluntary but recommended. Certification is typically offered through a state's fire academy, fire-service certification board, fire-service training board, or other agency regulating fire and public safety personnel. Certification programs are accredited by the International Fire Service Accreditation Congress, which provides a listing of states offering the Firefighter I and Firefighter II designations. To become certified, candidates must pass written and practical tests.

Other Requirements

Very strict physical examinations are usually required for the job of firefighter. Applicants must also pass rigorous physical performance tests, which may include running, climbing, and jumping. These examinations are clearly defined by local civil service regulations.

In most cases, firefighters must be at least 18 years of age. Generally, the age range for becoming a professional firefighter is between 18 and 35. Candidates must also meet height and weight requirements. Applicants are required to have good vision (20/20 vision is required in some departments), no physical impairments that could keep them from doing their jobs, and great physical stamina. Many cities have residency requirements for their fire department personnel. Usually the individuals who score the highest on their tests have the best chances of getting jobs as firefighters.

Those who have fire-fighting experience in the military or who have served as volunteer community firefighters may have an advantage over job candidates who do not have these backgrounds. Applicants with emergency medical service and training are also often in demand as firefighters.

A mechanical aptitude is an asset to a person in this career. Also important are a congenial temperament and the ability to adapt to uncertain situations that call for teamwork. Firefighters must be willing to follow the orders of their superiors. Firefighters need sound judgment, mental alertness, and the ability to reason and think logically in situations demanding courage and bravery. The ability to remain calm and compassionate is a valued asset, as firefighters must cope with the emotions of those they are helping, emotions that range from those of distraught homeowners to burn victims. Other important traits include a commitment to serving others, the ability to work as a member of a team, and strong communication and interpersonal skills.